ShareWare OnLine 2/ShareWare OnLine Volume 2 (CMS Software)(1993).iso/educate/7_dayc3.zip/TUTOR.ZIP/CT5.DAT

Text File | 1993-01-08 | 31KB | 760 lines

CLS,1,25,7,0
18,0,15,0,"DAY 5:  HARD DISK OPERATING SYSTEM"
MAIN,NULL
CLS,1,25,0,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,1
3,0,3,1,"███████  ████         █████  ████         ████   ████ "
4,0,3,1,"█  █  █  █   █        █      █   █        █   █  █   █"
5,0,3,1,"█  █  █  █   █        █      █   █        ████   █   █"
6,0,3,1,"█  █  █  █   █        █      █   █        █  █   █   █"
7,0,3,1,"█  █  █  ████         █████  ████         █   █  ████ "
9,8,7,1,"As we have discussed before, your hard disk drive is divided up into"
10,8,7,1,"~ROOMS~ called DIRECTORIES.  These directories may be set up in"
11,8,7,1,"just about any way you want them.  The above commands help you"
12,8,7,1,"arrange the directories in any manner you wish:"
SPACE,1,7
14,8,2,1,"MD   Make directory.  Give the directory whatever name you wish"
15,8,2,1,"     (remembering that you can use a maximum of 8 characters)."
SPACE,1,2
17,8,5,1,"CD   Change directory.  Leave the current directory and access"
18,8,5,1,"     another (exit this one and enter that one)."
SPACE,1,5
20,8,7,1,"RD   Remove directory.  Erase a directory that is no longer needed"
21,8,7,1,"     (the directory may not contain any files; it must be empty)."
SPACE,1,7
CLS,1,25,0,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,2
3,8,0,2,"When you first receive your hard disk system, it is usually"
4,8,0,2,"formatted and ready to use.  But this initial formatting provides"
5,8,0,2,"you with only ONE area of storage.  A hard disk can store a LOT"
6,8,0,2,"of information.  Which is better for most people, a house with one"
7,8,0,2,"GREAT BIG ROOM or a house with several smaller rooms, each room with"
8,8,0,2,"a specific purpose?"
SPACE,2,0
10,8,1,2,"In the same manner, it is best to divide the hard disk into separate"
11,8,1,2,"DIRECTORIES, areas where similar types of data are kept.  For"
12,8,1,2,"example, let's consider dividing a hard disk into the following"
13,8,1,2,"subdirectories:"
15,0,11,2,"MAIN ─────┬── WORDPROC ──┬─ PERSONAL"
16,0,11,2,"          │              └─ BUSINESS"
17,0,11,2,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
18,0,11,2,"          └── DATABASE ──┬─ CLIENTS "
19,0,11,2,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,3
3,8,0,3,"Remember our \ character from an earlier lesson?  How do the prior"
4,8,0,3,"directory listings appear to the computer?  Let's see:"
5,0,11,3,"MAIN ─────┬── WORDPROC ──┬─ PERSONAL"
6,0,11,3,"          │              └─ BUSINESS"
7,0,11,3,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
8,0,11,3,"          └── DATABASE ──┬─ CLIENTS "
9,0,11,3,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
SPACE,3,0
11,15,1,3,"C:\  or \"
11,40,15,3,"the MAIN directory"
SPACE,3,1
12,15,1,3,"C:\WORDPROC"
12,40,15,3,"the WORDPROC directory"
SPACE,3,1
13,15,1,3,"C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL"
13,40,15,3,"the PERSONAL directory"
SPACE,3,1
14,0,15,3,"THE OTHERS:"
15,15,1,3,"C:\SPRDSHET"
16,15,1,3,"C:\DATABASE"
17,15,1,3,"C:\DATABASE\CLIENTS"
18,15,1,3,"C:\DATABASE\SUPPLIES"
SPACE,3,1
20,8,0,3,"These are the NAMES you would use to create, access, or remove any"
21,8,0,3,"of these directories.  The MAIN directory is always indicated by a"
22,8,0,3,"beginning \.  Let's see how this is done."
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,0,4
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,4
3,8,3,4,"The ENTIRE file name of the directory is called the PATH NAME."
3,60,15,4,"PATH NAME"
4,8,3,4,"This is because the computer must follow that PATH in order to find"
5,8,3,4,"the desired information."
SPACE,4,3
7,8,3,4,"The MD command is used to Make Directories.  All directory commands"
8,8,3,4,"work on the same principle:  state the command, and the filename to"
9,8,3,4,"use.  With this in mind, can you figure out how to give the first"
10,8,3,4,"Make Directory command for the WORDPROC directory?"
11,0,11,4,"MAIN ─────┬── WORDPROC ──┬─ PERSONAL"
12,0,11,4,"(\)       │              └─ BUSINESS"
13,0,11,4,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
14,0,11,4,"          └── DATABASE ──┬─ CLIENTS "
15,0,11,4,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
17,8,0,4,"C>"
INPUT,2,17,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC,17,40,15,4,"TRY: MD C:\WORDPROC"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC,INPUT,2,17,10,EXACT,MD C:\WORDPROC
20,0,14,4,"VERY GOOD!"
SPACE,4,7
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,5
3,23,11,5,"MAIN ─────┬── WORDPROC "
3,46,27,5,"──┬─ PERSONAL"
4,23,27,5,"          │              └─ BUSINESS"
5,23,27,5,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
6,23,27,5,"          └── DATABASE "
6,46,27,5,"──┬─ CLIENTS "
7,23,27,5,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
9,8,7,5,"Now let's try and Make the rest of the Directories.  Go ahead and"
10,8,7,5,"enter all of them:"
12,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,12,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL,12,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL,INPUT,2,12,10,EXACT,MD C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL
3,46,11,5,"──┬─ PERSONAL"
13,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,13,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS,13,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS,INPUT,2,13,10,EXACT,MD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS
4,23,11,5,"          │              └─ BUSINESS"
14,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,14,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\SPRDSHET,14,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\SPRDSHET"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\SPRDSHET,INPUT,2,14,10,EXACT,MD C:\SPRDSHET
5,23,11,5,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
15,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,15,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE,15,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\DATABASE"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE,INPUT,2,15,10,EXACT,MD C:\DATABASE
6,23,11,5,"          └── DATABASE "
16,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,16,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE\CLIENTS,16,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\DATABASE\CLIENTS"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE\CLIENTS,INPUT,2,16,10,EXACT,MD C:\DATABASE\CLIENTS
6,46,11,5,"──┬─ CLIENTS "
17,8,0,5,"C>"
INPUT,2,17,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE\SUPPLIES,17,40,3,5,"TRY: MD C:\DATABASE\SUPPLIES"
IF,2,NOT,MD C:\DATABASE\SUPPLIES,INPUT,2,17,10,EXACT,MD C:\DATABASE\SUPPLIES
7,23,11,5,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
19,0,31,5,"EXCELLENT!"
SPACE,5,0
19,0,7,5,"EXCELLENT!"
22,8,7,5,"Of course, the diagram at the top of the screen would not show up"
23,8,7,5,"on your computer.  We used it here for illustrative purposes."
SPACE,5,7
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,6
3,8,7,6,"To see what is in a directory, you would use the DIR command.  All"
4,8,7,6,"you need to type is:    DIR dirname"
5,8,7,6,"  (dirname is the name of the directory; for example:  SPRDSHET)."
SPACE,6,7
7,8,0,6,"This works differently than filenames.  If you use DIR on a normal"
8,8,0,6,"file, the computer will show you the filename, size in bytes, and the"
9,8,0,6,"date and time of last update.  If you use DIR on a DIRECTORY name,"
10,8,0,6,"you will get a listing of ALL FILES WITHIN THAT SUBDIRECTORY."
SPACE,6,0
12,8,1,6,"Let's see an example.  We have a file called DOLLARS.BAS and a"
13,8,1,6,"subdirectory called TAXES.  Within the TAXES subdirectory are"
14,8,1,6,"several files that are used by our accounting staff.  Look at what"
15,8,1,6,"the DIR command will bring with each:"
SPACE,6,1
16,8,7,6,"C>DIR DOLLARS.BAS                      C>DIR TAXES"
17,8,7,6,"DOLLARS  BAS   8021 2-21-88 3:14a      GENLED BAS  1796 3-11-84 5:15p"
18,8,7,6,"1 file(s)  9600000 bytes free          ACCREC.BAS  2417 3-12-84 6:27a"
19,8,7,6,"C>                                     PAYROL.BAS 17593 11-15-85 12:50p"
20,8,7,6,"                                       3 file(s)  9600000 bytes free"
21,8,7,6,"                                       C>"
SPACE,7,6
22,8,0,6,"As you can see, the DIR command when used toward a subdirectory,"
23,8,0,6,"displays the names of all files within that subdirectory."
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,25,0,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,1
3,8,3,1,"Sometimes you may accidentally enter an incorrect directory name"
4,8,3,1,"when you use MD, or you may no longer need a directory.  RD stands"
5,8,3,1,"for REMOVE DIRECTORY; it works exactly like the MD command."
SPACE,1,3
7,8,2,1,"Let's remove the SPRDSHET directory.  Can you figure out how to enter"
8,8,2,1,"the correct command? (it is right off the main directory)"
10,8,7,1,"C>"
INPUT,2,10,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,RD C:\SPRDSHET,10,40,5,1,"TRY:  RD C:\SPRDSHET"
IF,2,NOT,RD C:\SPRDSHET,INPUT,2,10,10,EXACT,RD C:\SPRDSHET
11,8,7,1,"C>"
13,8,3,1,"That is correct.  Like MD and many other DOS commands, you are not"
14,8,3,1,"informed that the task is performed.  The computer quietly does its"
15,8,3,1,"job, then returns to the DOS prompt and waits for the next command."
SPACE,1,3
17,8,7,1,"As stated before, in order for RD to work, the subdirectory must be"
18,8,7,1,"completely empty of files.  If files or another subdirectory exist"
19,8,7,1,"within that subdirectory area, you will receive an error message:"
21,0,2,1,"Invalid path, no directory, or directory not empty."
SPACE,1,2
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,7
3,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
4,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
5,11,8,7,"██dir 1 ███---->█  dir 2 ██---->██ dir 3  █---->██ dir 4███"
6,11,8,7,"██ main ███     █wordproc██     ██personal█     ██family███"
7,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
12,8,1,7,"The above diagram is an illustration of the ~rooms~ in our hard"
13,8,1,7,"disk drive, the DIRECTORIES where information is stored.  These"
14,8,1,7,"directories are enlarged or reduced as information is added, deleted,"
15,8,1,7,"or transferred between directories."
SPACE,7,1
17,8,5,7,"These directories have no particular size or place allotment and are"
18,8,5,7,"organized automatically by the Disk Operating System as you update"
19,8,5,7,"your files. Directories are not numbered; the above diagram is"
20,8,5,7,"merely for illustration."
SPACE,7,5
CLS,12,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,7
3,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
4,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
5,11,8,7,"██dir 1 ███---->█  dir 2 ██---->██ dir 3  █---->██ dir 4███"
6,11,8,7,"██ main ███     █wordproc██     ██personal█     ██family███"
7,11,8,7,"███████████     ███████████     ███████████     ███████████"
12,8,1,7,"If you wish to move from one directory to another, you must first"
13,8,1,7,"pass through previous directories.  The manner in which you pass"
14,8,1,7,"through directories and subdirectories is called a PATH."
14,59,4,7,"PATH"
SPACE,7,1
16,8,1,7,"CD stands for CHANGE DIRECTORY, and informs the computer to jump to"
17,8,1,7,"a new hard disk area.  As an example:  if we wished to access"
18,8,1,7,"directory number 4 as illustrated above, we would give the command:"
20,0,5,7,"CD C:\WORDPROC\PERSONAL\FAMILY"
SPACE,7,5
22,8,1,7,"This means to follow the PATH through directory 1 through 2 through"
23,8,1,7,"3 and into the final directory 4, where we remain."
SPACE,7,1
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,0
3,23,2,0,"MAIN ─────┬── WORDPROC "
3,46,2,0,"──┬─ PERSONAL──────┬─ FAMILY"
4,23,2,0,"          │              └─ BUSINESS      └─ FRIENDS"
5,23,2,0,"          ├── SPRDSHET              "
6,23,2,0,"          └── DATABASE "
6,46,2,0,"──┬─ CLIENTS "
7,23,2,0,"                         └─ SUPPLIES"
9,8,4,0,"Keeping that example in mind, give the command to transfer to the"
10,8,4,0,"BUSINESS subdirectory:"
12,8,7,0,"C>"
INPUT,2,12,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,CD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS,12,40,5,0,"TRY:  CD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS"
IF,2,NOT,CD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS,INPUT,2,12,10,EXACT,CD C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS
13,8,7,0,"C>"
15,8,4,0,"Very good.  As you can see, the CD command works just like the MD"
16,8,4,0,"and RD commands.  Just indicate the correct PATH and you'll wind"
17,8,4,0,"up where you want to go."
SPACE,0,4
19,8,3,0,"But now that we're in this subdirectory, how do we know for SURE we"
20,8,3,0,"are there?  We could enter DIR and see if we recognize any files that"
21,8,3,0,"we know are supposed to be in that subdirectory, but there is a much"
22,8,3,0,"much easier way."
SPACE,0,3
CLS,1,25,0,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,9,1
3,0,3,1,"                                             █           █        "
4,0,3,1,"█████  █████ █████ ███████ █████  █████    █████ █████ █████ █████"
5,0,3,1,"█    █ █   █ █   █ █  █  █ █    █   █      █ █   █   █ █ █   █    "
6,0,3,1,"█████  █████ █   █ █  █  █ █████    █      █████ █████ █████ █  ██"
7,0,3,1,"█      █  █  █   █ █  █  █ █        █        █ █ █       █ █ █   █"
8,0,3,1,"█      █   █ █████ █  █  █ █        █      █████ █     █████ █████"
9,0,3,1,"                                             █           █        "
11,8,2,1,"The PROMPT command tells your computer that you want to change the"
12,8,2,1,"C>  (or A> if you are using a floppy) to something else.  PROMPT"
13,8,2,1,"means CHANGE THE DOS PROMPT.  The $P$G means show the CURRENT"
14,8,2,1,"DIRECTORY ($P) along with the prompt carat >  ($G).  Go ahead and"
15,8,2,1,"enter the above command and watch what happens:"
17,8,7,1,"C>"
INPUT,2,17,10,EXACT,PROMPT $P$G
18,8,7,1,"C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS>"
20,8,3,1,"From now until we turn the computer off, DOS will continue to show"
21,8,3,1,"us our current directory location.  In this case, we have just"
22,8,3,1,"verified that we are in the BUSINESS subdirectory!"
SPACE,1,3
CLS,1,25,0,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,2
3,8,0,2,"There are lots of different prompt PARAMETERS.  A PARAMENTER is an"
4,8,0,2,"added item to make a command work.  The PROMPT parameters are:"
6,15,1,2,"    INCLUDE IN THE PROMPT:"
7,15,1,2,"$$   a dollar sign"
8,15,1,2,"$T   the time"
9,15,1,2,"$D   the date"
10,15,1,2,"$P   the current directory"
11,15,1,2,"$V   the DOS version number"
12,15,1,2,"$N   the drive name"
13,15,1,2,"$G   the > character"
14,15,1,2,"$L   the < character"
15,15,1,2,"$b   the | character"
16,15,1,2,"$_   line feed (not often used)"
17,15,1,2,"$h   backspace (not often used)"
18,15,1,2,"$e   the ESC indicator (not often used)"
SPACE,2,1
20,8,0,2,"If you used all of these characters (ignoring the last three) you"
21,8,0,2,"would come up with something like this:"
22,8,1,2,"$13:16:28.09Thu 2-25-1988C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESSMS DOS Version 3.1 C<>|"
23,0,0,2,"(most people just use PROMPT $P$G)"
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,3
3,0,5,3,"█████   ███   █████  █   █"
4,0,5,3,"█   █  █   █    █    █   █"
5,0,5,3,"█████  █   █    █    █████"
6,0,5,3,"█      █████    █    █   █"
7,0,5,3,"█      █   █    █    █   █"
9,8,0,3,"C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS>"
11,8,1,3,"According to our prompt, we are in the business subdirectory.  We"
12,8,1,3,"would like to use a program in the SPRDSHET directory that is"
13,8,1,3,"named CALCULAT.  So we enter the command  CALCULAT"
15,8,0,3,"C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS>"
INPUT,2,15,29,EXACT,CALCULAT
16,8,0,3,"Bad command or file name"
17,8,0,3,"C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS>"
SPACE,3,0
19,8,1,3,"The computer is telling us the filename we entered is not in the"
20,8,1,3,"current subdirectory.  The reason is because the file is present in"
21,8,1,3,"the SPRDSHET subdirectory, and we are not at that location.  It's"
22,8,1,3,"kind of like trying to open the refrigerator when you are standing"
23,8,1,3,"in the bedroom... unless your arms are REAL long, it won't work."
SPACE,3,1
CLS,1,25,0,4
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,4
3,8,3,4,"However, you could ask someone ELSE to bring you something from the"
4,8,3,4,"refrigerator.  You can do virtually the same thing with the computer."
5,8,3,4,"We have to tell the computer WHERE to find the item you want:"
7,8,0,4,"C:\WORDPROC\BUSINESS>"
7,29,15,4,"C:\SPRDSHET\CALCULAT"
SPACE,4,1
9,8,3,4,"This command tells the computer to get the file from the SPRDSHET"
10,8,3,4,"subdirectory... the computer knows how to do that, so the program"
11,8,3,4,"is likely to go ahead and execute properly."
SPACE,4,3
13,8,7,4,"We say LIKELY, because some programs are complex systems and"
14,8,7,4,"require that you execute them from their own private directory."
15,8,7,4,"The only way to operate such programs is to first of all use"
16,8,7,4,"the CD command to change to the required directory and then use"
17,8,7,4,"the program from there."
SPACE,4,7
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,5
3,0,2,5,"█████   ███   █████  █   █"
4,0,2,5,"█   █  █   █    █    █   █"
5,0,2,5,"█████  █   █    █    █████"
6,0,2,5,"█      █████    █    █   █"
7,0,2,5,"█      █   █    █    █   █"
9,8,7,5,"You will undoubtedly have several programs that are often-used and"
10,8,7,5,"valuable (the FORMAT program for example) that you would like to be"
11,8,7,5,"able to call on from any subdirectory, without typing a lengthy"
12,8,7,5,"path name.  I bet you can figure out a command that will let us"
13,8,7,5,"do just that, can't you?"
SPACE,5,7
15,8,0,5,"The PATH command provides a list of directories that the computer"
16,8,0,5,"is to check EVERY TIME it searches for a file.  The system will"
17,8,0,5,"check the CURRENT directory first, and if it does not find the file"
18,8,0,5,"there, will search all the other directories listed in the path"
19,8,0,5,"until it finds the required file."
SPACE,5,0
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,6
3,8,0,6,"The PATH command is an easy one to use.  Just follow it with the"
4,8,0,6,"name of each directory you wish to search, separated by semicolons."
5,8,0,6,"Press SPACE to see an example of a PATH command that will allow us"
6,8,0,6,"to access ALL the subdirectories we have listed in our example."
SPACE,6,0
8,8,7,6,"PATH \;\WORDPROC;\WORDPROC\PRIVATE;\WORDPROC\BUSINESS;\SPREDSHET;"
9,8,7,6,"\DATABASE;\DATABASE\CLIENTS;\DATABASE\SUPPLIES"
SPACE,6,7
11,8,0,6,"This is nice in THEORY, but in reality the PATH command is limited"
12,8,0,6,"as to the amount it can access at one time.  So you couldn't"
13,8,0,6,"normally use a path like the one we have just shown you.  But for"
14,8,0,6,"most purposes, if your PATH command is no longer than one line"
15,8,0,6,"you will be able to use it.  This will allow you to access important"
16,8,0,6,"subdirectories like DOS, UTILTIES, and of course, GAMES (if you"
17,8,0,6,"happen to have those directories on your system)."
SPACE,6,0
19,9,7,6,"   ████ "
20,9,7,6," ███████"
21,9,7,6,"██      "
22,9,7,6," ███████"
23,9,7,6,"   ████ "
19,9,7,6,"        "
20,9,7,6,"    ███████"
21,9,7,6,"   ████████"
22,9,7,6,"    ███████"
23,9,7,6,"           "
19,12,7,6,"      ████ "
20,12,7,6,"    ███████"
21,12,7,6,"   ██      "
22,12,7,6,"    ███████"
23,12,7,6,"      ████ "
19,12,7,6,"        "
20,12,7,6,"    ███████"
21,12,7,6,"   ████████"
22,12,7,6,"    ███████"
23,12,7,6,"           "
19,15,7,6,"      ████ "
20,15,7,6,"    ███████"
21,15,7,6,"   ██      "
22,15,7,6,"    ███████"
23,15,7,6,"      ████ "
19,15,7,6,"        "
20,15,7,6,"    ███████"
21,15,7,6,"   ████████"
22,15,7,6,"    ███████"
23,15,7,6,"           "
19,18,7,6,"      ████ "
20,18,7,6,"    ███████"
21,18,7,6,"   ██      "
22,18,7,6,"    ███████"
23,18,7,6,"      ████ "
19,18,7,6,"        "
20,18,7,6,"    ███████"
21,18,7,6,"   ████████"
22,18,7,6,"    ███████"
23,18,7,6,"           "
19,21,7,6,"      ████ "
20,21,7,6,"    ███████"
21,21,7,6,"   ██      "
22,21,7,6,"    ███████"
23,21,7,6,"      ████ "
19,21,7,6,"        "
20,21,7,6,"    ███████"
21,21,7,6,"   ████████"
22,21,7,6,"    ███████"
23,21,7,6,"           "
19,24,7,6,"      ████ "
20,24,7,6,"    ███████"
21,24,7,6,"   ██      "
22,24,7,6,"    ███████"
23,24,7,6,"      ████ "
19,24,7,6,"        "
20,24,7,6,"    ███████"
21,24,7,6,"   ████████"
22,24,7,6,"    ███████"
23,24,7,6,"           "
19,27,7,6,"      ████ "
20,27,7,6,"    ███████"
21,27,7,6,"   ██      "
22,27,7,6,"    ███████"
23,27,7,6,"      ████ "
19,27,7,6,"        "
20,27,7,6,"    ███████"
21,27,7,6,"   ████████"
22,27,7,6,"    ███████"
23,27,7,6,"           "
19,30,7,6,"      ████ "
20,30,7,6,"    ███████"
21,30,7,6,"   ██      "
22,30,7,6,"    ███████"
23,30,7,6,"      ████ "
19,30,7,6,"        "
20,30,7,6,"    ███████"
21,30,7,6,"   ████████"
22,30,7,6,"    ███████"
23,30,7,6,"           "
19,33,7,6,"      ████ "
20,33,7,6,"    ███████"
21,33,7,6,"   ██      "
22,33,7,6,"    ███████"
23,33,7,6,"      ████ "
19,33,7,6,"        "
20,33,7,6,"    ███████"
21,33,7,6,"   ████████"
22,33,7,6,"    ███████"
23,33,7,6,"           "
19,36,7,6,"      ████ "
20,36,7,6,"    ███████"
21,36,7,6,"   ██      "
22,36,7,6,"    ███████"
23,36,7,6,"      ████ "
19,36,7,6,"        "
20,36,7,6,"    ███████"
21,36,7,6,"   ████████"
22,36,7,6,"    ███████"
23,36,7,6,"           "
19,39,7,6,"      ████ "
20,39,7,6,"    ███████"
21,39,7,6,"   ██      "
22,39,7,6,"    ███████"
23,39,7,6,"      ████ "
19,39,7,6,"        "
20,39,7,6,"    ███████"
21,39,7,6,"   ████████"
22,39,7,6,"    ███████"
23,39,7,6,"           "
19,42,7,6,"      ████ "
20,42,7,6,"    ███████"
21,42,7,6,"   ██      "
22,42,7,6,"    ███████"
23,42,7,6,"      ████ "
19,42,7,6,"        "
20,42,7,6,"    ███████"
21,42,7,6,"   ████████"
22,42,7,6,"    ███████"
23,42,7,6,"           "
19,45,7,6,"      ████ "
20,45,7,6,"    ███████"
21,45,7,6,"   ██      "
22,45,7,6,"    ███████"
23,45,7,6,"      ████ "
19,45,7,6,"        "
20,45,7,6,"    ███████"
21,45,7,6,"   ████████"
22,45,7,6,"    ███████"
23,45,7,6,"           "
19,48,7,6,"      ████ "
20,48,7,6,"    ███████"
21,48,7,6,"   ██      "
22,48,7,6,"    ███████"
23,48,7,6,"      ████ "
19,48,7,6,"        "
20,48,7,6,"    ███████"
21,48,7,6,"   ████████"
22,48,7,6,"    ███████"
23,48,7,6,"           "
19,51,7,6,"      ████ "
20,51,7,6,"    ███████"
21,51,7,6,"   ██      "
22,51,7,6,"    ███████"
23,51,7,6,"      ████ "
19,51,7,6,"        "
20,51,7,6,"    ███████"
21,51,7,6,"   ████████"
22,51,7,6,"    ███████"
23,51,7,6,"           "
19,54,7,6,"      ████ "
20,54,7,6,"    ███████"
21,54,7,6,"   ██      "
22,54,7,6,"    ███████"
23,54,7,6,"      ████ "
19,54,7,6,"        "
20,54,7,6,"    ███████"
21,54,7,6,"   ████████"
22,54,7,6,"    ███████"
23,54,7,6,"           "
19,57,7,6,"      ████ "
20,57,7,6,"    ███████"
21,57,7,6,"   ██      "
22,57,7,6,"    ███████"
23,57,7,6,"      ████ "
19,57,7,6,"           "
20,57,7,6,"    ███████"
21,57,7,6,"   ████████"
22,57,7,6,"    ███████"
23,57,7,6,"           "
19,60,7,6,"      ████ "
20,60,7,6,"    ███████"
21,60,7,6,"   ██      "
22,60,7,6,"    ███████"
23,60,7,6,"      ████ "
19,60,7,6,"           "
20,60,7,6,"    ███████"
21,60,7,6,"   ████████"
22,60,7,6,"    ███████"
23,60,7,6,"           "
19,63,7,6,"      ████ "
20,63,7,6,"    ███████"
21,63,7,6,"   ██      "
22,63,7,6,"    ███████"
23,63,7,6,"      ████ "
19,63,7,6,"           "
20,63,7,6,"    ███████"
21,63,7,6,"   ████████"
22,63,7,6,"    ███████"
23,63,7,6,"           "
19,66,7,6,"      ████ "
20,66,7,6,"    ███████"
21,66,7,6,"   ██      "
22,66,7,6,"    ███████"
23,66,7,6,"      ████ "
19,66,7,6,"           "
20,66,7,6,"    ███████"
21,66,7,6,"   ████████"
22,66,7,6,"    ███████"
23,66,7,6,"           "
19,69,7,6,"      ████ "
20,69,7,6,"    ███████"
21,69,7,6,"   ██      "
22,69,7,6,"    ███████"
23,69,7,6,"      ████ "
19,69,7,6,"           "
20,69,7,6,"    ███████"
21,69,7,6,"   ████████"
22,69,7,6,"    ███████"
23,69,7,6,"           "
19,69,7,6,"           "
20,69,7,6,"           "
21,69,7,6,"           "
22,69,7,6,"           "
23,69,7,6,"           "
SPACE,6,7
CLS,1,25,1,7
3,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █████          █   █   ███   █    "
4,0,4,7,"█   █  █      █   █          █   █  █   █  █    "
5,0,4,7,"█   █  ████   █████          █   █  █   █  █    "
6,0,4,7," █ █   █      █  █            █ █   █   █  █    "
7,0,4,7,"  █    █████  █   █            █     ███   █████"
9,8,1,7,"Sometimes you may be working on an unfamiliar computer (new office"
10,8,1,7,"location or at a friend's house).  It would be nice to know what"
11,8,1,7,"VERSION NUMBER of DOS is being used, and the VOLUME NAME of the"
12,8,1,7,"hard disk or floppy you will be using.  The above two commands,"
13,8,1,7,"just as shown, will each give the required information.  Go ahead"
14,8,1,7,"and try them:"
16,1,5,7,"C>"
INPUT,2,16,3,EXACT,VER
SHELL,VER
18,1,5,7,"C>"
INPUT,2,18,3,EXACT,VOL
SHELL,VOL
22,0,4,7,"VERY GOOD!"
SPACE,7,4
CLS,1,25,4,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,0,4,0,"█████  █████  █████  █████"
4,0,4,0,"  █    █   █  █      █    "
5,0,4,0,"  █    █████  ████   ████ "
6,0,4,0,"  █    █  █   █      █    "
7,0,4,0,"  █    █   █  █████  █████"
9,8,3,0,"The TREE command allows you to examine the formation of your hard"
10,8,3,0,"disk by subdirectories and files.  There are two forms for this"
11,8,3,0,"command:"
SPACE,0,3
13,8,5,0,"TREE  will list your hard disk structure by DIRECTORIES ONLY."
SPACE,0,5
15,8,6,0,"TREE/F will include FILES as well as DIRECTORIES."
SPACE,0,6
CLS,1,25,4,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,1
3,8,7,1,"Go ahead and try the TREE command.  TREE is an EXTERNAL command."
4,8,7,1,"That means it is not currently in memory... it must be loaded from"
5,8,7,1,"disk.  Since you may not have that program readily available (for"
6,8,7,1,"instance, if you are using a floppy system) we will use an imitation"
7,8,7,1,"TREE command."
9,8,3,1,"C>"
INPUT,2,9,10,EXACT,TREE
10,8,3,1,"DIRECTORY PATH LISTING FOR VOLUME COMPTUTOR"
11,8,3,1,"Path: \WORDPROC"
12,8,3,1,"Sub-directories:  PERSONAL"
13,8,3,1,"                  BUSINESS"
14,8,3,1,"Path: \WORDPROC\PERSONAL"
15,8,3,1,"Sub-directories:  None"
16,8,3,1,"Path: \WORDPROC\BUSINESS"
17,8,3,1,"Sub-directories:  None"
18,8,3,1,"Path: \SPRDSHET"
19,8,3,1,"Sub-directories:  None"
20,8,3,1,"Path: \DATABASE"
21,8,3,1,"Sub-directories:  CLIENTS"
22,8,3,1,"                  SUPPLIES"
SPACE,1,3
CLS,1,25,4,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,8,4,0,"Now try it with the /F option (TREE/F) and look at the difference:"
4,8,7,0,"C>"
INPUT,2,4,10,EXACT,TREE/F
5,8,7,0,"DIRECTORY PATH LISTING FOR VOLUME COMPTUTOR"
6,8,7,0,"Files:             None"
7,8,7,0,"Path:  \WORDPROC"
8,8,7,0,"Sub-directories:   PERSONAL"
9,8,7,0,"                   BUSINESS"
10,8,7,0,"Files:             WRITER.COM"
11,8,7,0,"Files:             PRINTER.EXE"
12,8,7,0,"Path:  \WORDPROC\PERSONAL"
12,40,4,0,"We left out the DATABASE directory"
13,40,4,0,"in order to conserve time and space."
13,8,7,0,"Sub-directories:   None"
14,8,7,0,"Files:             LETTER1.DOC"
15,8,7,0,"Path:  \WORDPROC\BUSINESS"
16,8,7,0,"Sub-directories:   None"
17,8,7,0,"Files:             ACCTRPT.TXT"
18,8,7,0,"                   SALES.DOC"
19,8,7,0,"Path:  \SPRDSHET"
20,8,7,0,"Sub-directories:   None"
21,8,7,0,"Files:             CALC.EXE"
22,8,7,0,"                   PREDICT.CAL"
23,8,7,0,"                   SALES.CAL"
SPACE,0,7
CLS,1,25,4,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,2
3,0,5,2,"█████  █   █  █   █  ████   █████  █   █       █   █████"
4,0,5,2,"█      █   █  █  █   █   █  █      █  █       █    █    "
5,0,5,2,"█      █████  ███    █   █  █████  ███       █     ████ "
6,0,5,2,"█      █   █  █  █   █   █      █  █  █     █      █    "
7,0,5,2,"█████  █   █  █   █  ████   █████  █   █   █       █    "
9,8,0,2,"CHKDSK is a hard disk error-finding program.  As with any electro-"
10,8,0,2,"mechanical device, errors can occur.  Usually these errors are not"
11,8,0,2,"damaging to data... they just cause some empty room on your hard"
12,8,0,2,"disk to be ~lost~.  CHKDSK/F will reclaim those lost areas."
12,28,15,2,"CHKDSK/F"
SPACE,2,0
14,8,1,2,"This program should be run daily if possible.  It is mainly a"
15,8,1,2,"good way to make sure your hard disk is working properly.  If you"
16,8,1,2,"find several days in a row when the computer reports errors, then"
17,8,1,2,"it's probably time to have your system checked out by a technician."
SPACE,2,1
19,8,0,2,"If CHKDSK finds errors, it will correct them and create temporary"
20,8,0,2,"files called FILE0000.CHK, FILE0001.CHK, FILE0002.CHK, etc.  You may"
21,8,0,2,"either view these files by means of the TYPE command, or you may"
22,8,0,2,"delete them (DEL FILE000?.CHK)."
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,4,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,3
3,8,0,3,"Go ahead and try it:"
5,8,0,3,"C>"
INPUT,2,5,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,CHKDSK/F,5,40,1,3,"TRY: CHKDSK/F"
IF,2,NOT,CHKDSK/F,INPUT,2,5,10,EXACT,CHKDSK/F
6,8,0,3, "Volume COMPUTOR created Nov 15, 1980 8:28p"
8,8,0,3, "32598016 bytes total disk space          <────────────────────┐"
9,8,0,3, "   38912 bytes in 3 hidden files                              │"
10,8,0,3,"  129024 bytes in 49 directories                              │"
11,8,0,3,"31504384 bytes in 2001 user files                             │"
12,8,0,3,"  915696 bytes available on disk                              │"
13,8,0,3,"                                                              │"
14,8,0,3,"  655360 bytes total memory                                   │"
15,8,0,3,"  403680 bytes free                                           │"
16,8,0,3,"                                                              │"
17,8,0,3,"                                                              │"
18,8,1,3,"This indicates we have a 30 megabyte hard disk          ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
8,49,0,3,"                        "
9,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"This shows there are 3 files on the disk we cannot see  ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
9,49,0,3,"                        "
10,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"We have 49 directories and subdirectories on this disk  ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
10,49,0,3,"                        "
11,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"There are 2001 files (not including the hidden ones)    ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
11,49,0,3,"                        "
12,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"This shows how much space is left free on the disk      ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
12,49,0,3,"                        "
13,49,0,3,"                        "
14,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"We have 640K of RAM on this system!                     ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
14,49,0,3,"                        "
15,49,0,3,"<────────────────────┐"
18,8,1,3,"And about 400K of that RAM is currently available.      ──────┘"
SPACE,3,1
20,8,0,3,"Anything else that appears besides this information is most likely"
21,8,0,3,"to be an error message.  Write it down on a sheet of paper along"
22,8,0,3,"with the date and time and keep it for future reference."
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,7
3,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █  █████"
4,0,4,7,"██  █  █       █ █     █  "
5,0,4,7,"█ █ █  ████     █      █  "
6,0,4,7,"█  ██  █       █ █     █  "
7,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █    █  "
10,8,1,7,"This section has shown you several DOS hard disk commands.  How is"
11,8,1,7,"your brain doing? (a little fuzzy, maybe?)  Brace yourself..."
12,8,1,7,"coming up is the ADVANCED DOS section.  You're going to love it."
13,8,1,7,"(if you manage to survive the strain).  Press SPACE to"
14,8,1,7,"continue on, or ESC to stop the session here."
SPACE,7,1
PROG,CT6.DAT